Revisión sistemática de los métodos para incrementar la eficacia de la resonancia magnética en el diagnóstico precoz de cáncer de próstata clínicamente significativo / Systematic review of methods used to improve the efficacy of magnetic resonance in early detection of clinically significant prostate cancer

Contexto y objetivo El cáncer de próstata (CP) es la neoplasia maligna con mayor incidencia a nivel mundial después del cáncer de pulmón. El objetivo de este estudio es revisar la literatura para conocer qué métodos permiten mejorar la eficacia de la estrategia actual de diagnóstico precoz del CP clínicamente significativo (csCP), basada en la realización de la resonancia magnética (RM) y biopsias dirigidas cuando se detectan lesiones sospechosas, además de la biopsia sistemática. Adquisición de la evidencia Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura en PubMed, Web of Science y Cochrane según los criterios Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA), utilizando los términos de búsqueda: RM multiparamétrica, RM biparamétrica, densidad de antígeno prostático específico (PSA), prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3), Prostate Health Index (PHI), 4 K score, cáncer de próstata, diagnóstico precoz. Se identificaron 297 referencias y, a través de los criterios de selección Participants, Interventions, Comparisons and Outcomes (PICO), se seleccionaron 21 publicaciones para sintetizar la evidencia. Síntesis de la evidencia Con la consolidación de la RM como prueba de elección el diagnóstico del CP, la densidad de PSA (DPSA) es una herramienta de gran importancia incluyéndose en nomogramas predictores, sin coste añadido. La PSAD y los biomarcadores, en asociación con la RM, ofrecen un poder diagnóstico elevado con un área bajo la curva (ABC) por encima del 0,7. Únicamente, el modelo SHTLM3 integra biomarcadores en la elaboración de un nomograma. Los modelos predictores ofrecen una eficacia constante en las diferentes series, con un ABC superior a 0,8 en asociación con la RM. Conclusiones La eficacia de la RM, para diagnosticar el csCP, se puede mejorar con diferentes parámetros con el objetivo de generar modelos predictivos que apoyen la toma de decisiones (AU)

Background and Objective Prostate cancer (PC) is the malignant neoplasm with the highest incidence after lung cancer worldwide. The objective of this study is to review the literature on the methods that improve the efficacy of the current strategy for the early diagnosis of clinically significant PC (csPC), based on the performance of magnetic resonance imaging (RM) and targeted biopsies when suspicious lesions are detected, in addition to systematic biopsy. Evidence acquisition A systematic literature review was performed in PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane according to the PRISMA criteria (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), using the search terms: multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging, biparametric magnetic resonance imaging, biomarkers in prostate cancer, prostate cancer y early diagnosis. A total of 297 references were identified and, using the PICO selection criteria, 21 publications were finally selected to synthesize the evidence. Evidence synthesis With the consolidation of MRI as the test of choice for the diagnosis of prostate cancer, the role of PSA density (PSAD) becomes relevant as a predictive tool included in prediction nomograms, without added cost. PSAD and diagnostic markers, combined with MRI, offer a high diagnostic power with an area under curve (AUC) above 0,7. Only the SHTLM3 model integrates markers in the creation of a nomogram. Prediction models also offer consistent efficacy with an AUC greater than 0,8 when associating MRI. Conclusions The efficacy of MRI in clinically significant prostate cancer detection can be improved with different parameters in order to generate predictive models that support decision making (AU)

Systematic review of methods used to improve the efficacy of magnetic resonance in early detection of clinically significant prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Prostate cancer (PC) is the malignant neoplasm with the highest incidence after lung cancer worldwide. The objective of this study is to review the literature on the methods that improve the efficacy of the current strategy for the early diagnosis of clinically significant PC (csPC), based on the performance of magnetic resonance imaging (RM) and targeted biopsies when suspicious lesions are detected, in addition to systematic biopsy. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A systematic literature review was performed in PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane according to the PRISMA criteria (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), using the search terms: multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging, biparametric magnetic resonance imaging, biomarkers in prostate cancer, prostate cancer y early diagnosis. A total of 297 references were identified and, using the PICO selection criteria, 21 publications were finally selected to synthesize the evidence. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: With the consolidation of MRI as the test of choice for the diagnosis of prostate cancer, the role of PSA density (PSAD) becomes relevant as a predictive tool included in prediction nomograms, without added cost. PSAD and diagnostic markers, combined with MRI, offer a high diagnostic power with an area under curve (AUC) above 0.7. Only the SHTLM3 model integrates markers in the creation of a nomogram. Prediction models also offer consistent efficacy with an AUC greater than 0.8 when associating MRI. CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of MRI in clinically significant prostate cancer detection can be improved with different parameters in order to generate predictive models that support decision making.

Definición de continencia y factores pronósticos para la recuperación temprana de la continencia urinaria en la prostatectomía radical robótica con reconstrucción posterior del rabdoesfínter. Análisis post hoc de un ensayo clínico aleatorizado / Continence definition and prognostic factors for early urinary continence recovery in posterior rhabdosphincter reconstruction after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Post-hoc analysis of a randomised controlled trial

Introducción La incontinencia urinaria después de la prostatectomía radical es un efecto adverso con gran impacto en la calidad de vida. Actualmente no disponemos de medidas estandarizadas para su evaluación. La reconstrucción posterior del rabdoesfínter (RPR) puede mejorar la incontinencia urinaria precoz. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar diferentes definiciones y factores pronósticos de continencia urinaria precoz después de prostatectomía radical robótica (PRR).Materiales y métodos Realizamos un ensayo clínico aleatorizado (NCT03302169) incluyendo 152 pacientes con cáncer de próstata localizado sometidos a PRR y aleatorizados en anastomosis uretrovesical simple (grupo control) y RPR previa a la anastomosis (grupo RPR). La continencia urinaria se evaluó mediante cuestionarios específicos (EPIC-26 y ICIQ-SF), y la utilización de compresas (0-1 compresa y 0 compresas) a los 7, 15, 30, 90, 180 y 365 días tras la retirada de la sonda vesical. Se analizaron factores predictores para recuperación de continencia urinaria precoz.Resultados Se incluyeron 72 pacientes en el grupo control y 80 en el grupo RPR. Las características basales fueron similares entre grupos excepto el índice de masa corporal, mayor en el grupo RPR. La definición «0 compresas» fue la única que demostró beneficio de la RPR a los 30 días, con continencia del 33,8% en el grupo RPR y 18,1% en el grupo control, p=0,022, y a los 90 días, 58,8% y 43,1%, respectivamente, p=0,038. Los cuestionarios no mostraron diferencias entre grupos. La RPR fue el único factor predictor de continencia urinaria precoz.Conclusiones La RPR mejora las tasas de continencia urinaria precoz, pero la definición de continencia es determinante. El único factor predictor de continencia urinaria precoz fue la RPR (AU)

Introduction Urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy (RP) is an adverse event with high impact on patient's quality of life. Nowadays there is no standardized method for urinary continence measurement. Posterior rhabdosphincter reconstruction (PRR) is a surgical step that can improve early urinary continence after RP. Our objective was to analyse different continence definitions and predictors of urinary continence recovery after robot-assisted RP (RARP).Materials and methods We conducted a double-blind, randomised controlled trial (NCT03302169) including 152 consecutive patients with localized prostate cancer subjected to RARP. Patients were randomised to single urethrovesical anastomosis (control arm) or PRR before urethrovesical anastomosis (PRR arm). Urinary continence was measured with the EPIC-26 and ICIQ-SF validated questionnaires, and pad use (0-1 pads and no pads), at 7, 15, 30, 90, 180 and 365 days after catheter removal. Prognostic factors for early urinary continence recovery were analysed.Results 72 patients were included in the control arm and 80 in the PRR arm. Baseline characteristics were similar between arms, except body mass index, which was higher in PRR arm. “No pad” was the only definition assessing the benefit of PRR at 30 days, 33.8% in PRR arm and 18.1% in control arm, p=0.022; and at 90 days, 58.8 and 43.1% respectively, p=0.038. Questionnaires did not detect differences in terms of continence recovery. PRR was the only predictor for early continence recovery, p=0.03.Conclusions PRR increased early urinary continence recovery after RARP. Continence definition was critical to assess benefit. The only predictive factor for early continence recovery was PRR (AU)

Continence definition and prognostic factors for early urinary continence recovery in posterior rhabdosphincter reconstruction after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Post-hoc analysis of a randomised controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy (RP) is an adverse event with high impact on patient's quality of life. Nowadays there is no standardized method for urinary continence measurement. Posterior rhabdosphincter reconstruction (PRR) is a surgical step that can improve early urinary continence after RP. Our objective was to analyse different continence definitions and predictors of urinary continence recovery after robot-assisted RP (RARP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a double-blind, randomised controlled trial (NCT03302169) including 152 consecutive patients with localized prostate cancer subjected to RARP. Patients were randomised to single urethrovesical anastomosis (control arm) or PRR before urethrovesical anastomosis (PRR arm). Urinary continence was measured with the EPIC-26 and ICIQ-SF validated questionnaires, and pad use (0-1 pads and no pads), at 7, 15, 30, 90, 180 and 365 days after catheter removal. Prognostic factors for early urinary continence recovery were analysed. RESULTS: 72 patients were included in the control arm and 80 in the PRR arm. Baseline characteristics were similar between arms, except body mass index, which was higher in PRR arm. "No pad" was the only definition assessing the benefit of PRR at 30 days, 33.8% in PRR arm and 18.1% in control arm, p = 0.022; and at 90 days, 58.8 and 43.1% respectively, p = 0.038. Questionnaires did not detect differences in terms of continence recovery. PRR was the only predictor for early continence recovery, p = 0.03. CONCLUSIONS: PRR increased early urinary continence recovery after RARP. Continence definition was critical to assess benefit. The only predictive factor for early continence recovery was PRR.

Valor actual de los hallazgos histológicos de biopsias de próstata negativas en la predicción del riesgo futuro de cáncer de próstata clínicamente significativo / The current value of histological findings in negative prostate biopsies to predict the future risk of clinically significant prostate cancer

Introducción: Se recomienda realizar una biopsia prostática (PBx) de repetición ante una sospecha persistente de cáncer de próstata (PCa) o cuando se identifica proliferación acinar atípica (ASAP), neoplasia intraepitelial de alto grado (HGPIN) extensa (≥3 zonas de biopsia) o HGPIN con células atípicas sospechosas de adenocarcinoma (PIN-ATYP). Actualmente se recomienda realizar una resonancia magnética multiparamétrica (mpMRI) y PBx guiada por mpMRI (MRI-TBx) en una PBx de repetición. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar el valor actual para predecir el riesgo de PCa clínicamente significativo (csPCa) del hallazgo de ASAP, mHGPIN, PIN-ATYP y otros hallazgos histológicos.MétodosSe realizó un análisis retrospectivo de 377 PBx de repetición. Se realizó MRI-TBx cuando la puntuación PI-RADS fue≥3 y PBX sistemáticas de 12 cilindros guiadas por ecografía transrectal (TRUS) cuando fue≤2. ASAP, HGPIN, HGPIN multifocal (mHGPIN), PIN-ATYP y otros 8 hallazgos histológicos fueron reportados prospectivamente en las PBx negativas. El csPCa fue definido como grado ISUP≥2.ResultadosLa incidencia de ASAP, mHGPIN y PIN-ATYP fue 4,2%, 39,7% y 3,7% respectivamente, y la tasa de csPCa fue estadísticamente similar en los pacientes con estos hallazgos histológicos. Sin embargo, las tasas de csPCa con atrofia proliferativa inflamatoria (PIA) presente y ausente fueron 22,2% y 36,1%, respectivamente. La PIA fue el único hallazgo histológico que predijo un menor riesgo de csPCa, con OR de 0,54 (IC 95%: 0,308-0,945, p=0,031). La PIA fue, también, un factor predictor independiente en un modelo combinando variables clínicas y mpMRI, que obtuvo un área bajo la curva de 0,86 (95% IC: 0,83-0,90).ConclusionesLa PIA resultó ser el único hallazgo histológico predictor del riesgo de csPCa, y puede contribuir en un modelo predictivo; mHGPIN no fue predictor de riesgo de csPCa. La baja incidencia de ASAP (4,2%) y PIN-ATYP (3,7%) impidió que pudiéramos obtener conclusiones sobre estas lesiones. (AU)

Introduction: Repeat prostate biopsy (PBx) is recommended under persistent suspicion of prostate cancer (PCa) or in the face of the following findings: atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP), extense (≥3 biopsy sites) high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), or HGPIN with atypical glands, suspicious for adenocarcinoma (PIN-ATYP). Nowadays, multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and mpMRI targeted PBx (MRI-TBx) are recommended in repeat PBx. Our objective was to analyze the current value of ASAP, mHGPIN, PIN-ATYP and other histological findings to predict clinically significant PCa (csPCa) risk.MethodsRetrospective analysis of 377 repeat PBxs. MRI-TBx was performed when Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) score>3 and 12-core transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) systematic PBx when≤2. ASAP, HGPIN, mHGPIN, PIN-ATYP, and 8 other histological findings were prospectively reported in negative PBx. CsPCa was defined as ISUP group grade>2.ResultsIncidence of ASAP, multifocal HGPIN (mHGPIN) and PINATYP was 4.2%, 39.7% and 3.7% respectively, and csPCa rate was statistically similar among men with these histological findings. However, the rate of csPCa was 22.2% when proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) was present, and 36.1% when it was not. PIA was the only histological finding which predicted lower risk of csPCa, with an OR of .54 (95% CI: .308-.945, P=.031). In addition, PIA was an independent predictor of a model combining clinical variables and mpMRI which reached area under de ROC curve of .86 (95% CI: .83-.90).ConclusionsPIA emerged as the only predictive histological finding of csPCa risk and can contribute to a predictive model. mHGPIN failed to predict csPCa risk. The low incidence of ASAP (4.2%) and PIN-ATYP (3.7%) prevented us from drawing conclusions. (AU)

The current value of histological findings in negative prostate biopsies to predict the future risk of clinically significant prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Repeat prostate biopsy (PBx) is recommended under persistent suspicion of prostate cancer (PCa) or in the face of the following findings: atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP); extense (≥3 biopsy sites) high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN); or HGPIN with atypical glands; suspicious for adenocarcinoma (PIN-ATYP). Nowadays; multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and mpMRI targeted PBx (MRI-TBx) are recommended in repeat PBx. Our objective was to analyze the current value of ASAP; mHGPIN; PIN-ATYP and other histological findings to predict clinically significant PCa (csPCa) risk. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 377 repeat PBxs. MRI-TBx was performed when Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) score >3 and 12-core transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) systematic PBx when ≤2. ASAP; HGPIN; mHGPIN; PIN-ATYP; and 8 other histological findings were prospectively reported in negative PBx. CsPCa was defined as ISUP group grade >2. RESULTS: Incidence of ASAP; multifocal HGPIN (mHGPIN) and PINATYP was 4.2%; 39.7% and 3.7% respectively; and csPCa rate was statistically similar among men with these histological findings. However; the rate of csPCa was 22.2% when proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) was present; and 36.1% when it was not. PIA was the only histological finding which predicted lower risk of csPCa; with an OR of 0.54 (95%CI: 0.308-0.945; P = .031). In addition; PIA was an independent predictor of a model combining clinical variables and mpMRI which reached area under de ROC curve of 0.86 (95%CI: 0.83-0.90). CONCLUSION: PIA emerged as the only predictive histological finding of csPCa risk and can contribute to a predictive model. mHGPIN failed to predict csPCa risk. The low incidence of ASAP (4.2%) and PIN-ATYP (3.7%) prevented us from drawing conclusions.

Perspectives and challenges associated with the determination of new psychoactive substances in urine and wastewater - A tutorial.

New psychoactive substances (NPS), often designed as (legal) substitutes to conventional illicit drugs, are constantly emerging in the drug market and being commercialized in different ways and forms. Their use continues to cause public health problems and is therefore of major concern in many countries. Monitoring NPS use, however, is arduous and different sources of information are required to get more insight of the prevalence and diffusion of NPS use. The determination of NPS in pooled urine and wastewater has shown great potential, adding a different and complementary light on this issue. However, it also presents analytical challenges and limitations that must be taken into account such as the complexity of the matrices, the high sensitivity and selectivity required in the analytical methods as a consequence of the low analyte concentrations as well as the rapid transience of NPS on the drug market creating a scenario with constantly moving analytical targets. Analytical investigation of NPS in pooled urine and wastewater is based on liquid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry and can follow different strategies: target, suspect and non-target analysis. This work aims to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the different data acquisition workflows and data exploration approaches in mass spectrometry, but also pays attention to new developments such as ion mobility and the use of in-silico prediction tools to improve the identification capabilities in high-complex samples. This tutorial gives an insight into this emerging topic of current concern, and describes the experience gathered within different collaborations and projects supported by key research articles and illustrative practical examples.

El análisis de aguas residuales con fines epidemiológicos: presente y futuro en España / Wastewater-based epidemiology: present and future in Spain

El análisis de aguas residuales con fines epidemiológicos es actualmente una herramienta fiable y complementaria a las metodologías basadas en indicadores tradicionales para el control de diferentes sustancias entre las que cabe destacar las drogas. Si bien varios países europeos la utilizan como herramienta de trabajo para la monitorización de drogas de abuso, en España su uso se limita principalmente a estudios realizados por diferentes grupos de investigación, tal y como se describe en el caso práctico puesto de ejemplo en el artículo. Sin embargo, el potencial de la metodología ha quedado evidenciado en los estudios científicos llevados a cabo tanto a nivel español como internacional y, aunque son necesarios más estudios para llegar a conocer todo su potencial, se prevé pueda ser incorporada como herramienta de trabajo complementaria a las que habitualmente se utilizan. En este sentido, la Red Española de Análisis de Aguas Residuales (ESAR-Net), creada en 2017 y formada por diferentes grupos de investigación españoles, pretende contribuir al conocimiento y aplicación de esta metodología en España a través de actividades científicas y de divulgación

Wastewater-Based Epidemiology is currently a reliable and complementary tool to methodologies based on traditional indicators for the control of various substances such as drugs. Although several European countries use it as a working tool for the monitoring of drugs of abuse, in Spain its use is mainly limited to studies carried out by different research groups, as described in the case study used as an example in the article. However, the potential of the methodology has been demonstrated in the scientific studies carried out both at the Spanish and international level and, although more studies are necessary to get to know its full potential, it is expected that it could be incorporated as a complementary work tool to those that are usually used. In this sense, the Red Española de Análisis de Aguas Residuales (ESAR-Net), created in 2017 and formed by different Spanish research groups, aims to contribute to the knowledge and application of this methodology in Spain through scientific and outreach activities

Monitoring psychoactive substance use at six European festivals through wastewater and pooled urine analysis.

The consumption of psychoactive substances is considered a growing problem in many communities. Moreover, new psychoactive substances (NPS) designed as (legal) substitutes to traditional illicit drugs are relatively easily available to the public through e-commerce and retail shops, but there is little knowledge regarding the extent and actual use of these substances. This study aims to gain new and complementary information on NPS and traditional illicit drug use at six music festivals across Europe by investigating wastewater and pooled urine. Samples were collected, between 2015 and 2018, at six music festivals across Europe with approximately 465.000 attendees. Wastewater samples were also collected during a period not coinciding with festivals. A wide-scope screening for 197 NPS, six illicit drugs and known metabolites was applied using different chromatography-mass spectrometric strategies. Several illicit drugs and in total 21 different NPS, mainly synthetic cathinones, phenethylamines and tryptamines, were identified in the samples. Ketamine and the traditional illicit drugs, such as amphetamine-type stimulants, cannabis and cocaine were most abundant and/or frequently detected in the samples collected, suggesting a higher use compared to NPS. The analyses of urine and wastewater is quick and a high number of attendees may be monitored anonymously by analysing only a few samples which allows identifying the local profiles of use of different drugs within a wide panel of psychoactive substances. This approach contributes to the development of an efficient surveillance system which can provide timely insight in the trends of NPS and illicit drugs use.

Variaciones de la prostatectomía radical para una recuperación de la continencia urinaria precoz: una revisión sistemática / Early continence after radical prostatectomy: A systematic review

Contexto y objetivo: La incontinencia urinaria es el efecto secundario con mayor impacto en la calidad de vida después de la prostatectomía radical. El objetivo de nuestro artículo es revisar la evidencia científica actual sobre las variaciones quirúrgicas descritas para preservar la continencia urinaria después de la prostatectomía radical. Adquisición de la evidencia: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura en PubMed, Cochrane y ScienceDirect según los criterios PRISMA (Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses), utilizando los términos: urinary continence, urinary incontinence, urinary leakage, radical prostatectomy, open radical prostatectomy, laparoscopic prostatectomy, robot assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy, robotic prostatectomy y los criterios de selección PICO. Se identificaron 1.603 referencias de las que se seleccionaron 27 publicaciones que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, 6 fueron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y 4 metaanálisis. Síntesis de la evidencia: Las técnicas más empleadas para alcanzar una continencia urinaria precoz son la preservación del cuello vesical, de las bandeletas neurovasculares y la reconstrucción del rabdoesfínter, siendo esta la técnica con mayor evidencia, ya que existen 3 ensayos clínicos aleatorizados. Pese que algunas variaciones técnicas han conseguido mejorías en los resultados funcionales, la ausencia de consenso en la definición de incontinencia urinaria y la manera de evaluarla no permiten elaborar recomendaciones técnicas basadas en evidencia científica de calidad. Conclusiones: La reconstrucción del rabdoesfínter es la única técnica que ha demostrado mejoría en la recuperación precoz de la continencia urinaria tras la prostatectomía radical. La evidencia científica actual es heterogénea y limitada, por lo que son necesarios estudios aleatorizados bien diseñados para evaluar las modificaciones técnicas

Background and objective: Urinary incontinence is the adverse effect with more impact on patients’ quality of life after undergoing radical prostatectomy. The objective of this study is to review the present evidence that describes the variations on surgical techniques which aim to preserve urinary continence after radical prostatectomy. Evidence acquisition: We searched the literature on PubMed, Cochrane, and ScienceDirect according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses) statement, using the PICO review protocol. The search terms were urinary continence, urinary incontinence, urinary leakage, radical prostatectomy, open radical prostatectomy, laparoscopic prostatectomy, robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy, robotic prostatectomy. We identified 1,603 registers, and 27 articles were reviewed for meeting the inclusion criteria. Six of them are randomized clinical trials and 4 of them, meta-analysis. Evidence synthesis: The surgical techniques more frequently used to achieve early urinary continence are bladder neck and neurovascular bundles preservation, as well as the reconstruction of the rhabdosphincter. The latter has been presented in three randomized clinical trials. Even though some approaches have obtained improved functional outcomes, the lack of consensus on the definition of urinary incontinence and its measurement methods have not advocated for the creation of technical recommendations based on scientific evidence. Conclusions: The reconstruction of the rhabdosphincter is the only technique that has shown improved functional results through randomized trials. The current evidence is limited and heterogenous, and more studies with consistent criteria are needed in order to establish a standard surgical technique

Las biopsias de próstata dirigidas ¿están listas para reemplazar las biopsias de próstata sistemáticas? / Are targeted prostate biopsies ready to replace systematic prostate biopsies?

Objetivos: Evaluar la eficacia y la eficiencia de la biopsia prostática sistemática (BPS) y la biopsia de próstata por fusión cognitiva (BPFC) para diagnosticar el cáncer de próstata (CaP) y el CaP significativo (CaPs) y analizar si la BPFC podría reemplazar con seguridad a la BPS. Material y métodos: Una cohorte de 314 hombres consecutivos que tenían PI-RADS ≥2 en una biopsia previa 3T resonancia magnética multiparamétrica se sometieron prospectivamente a BPFC ecográfica transrectal (dos núcleos por área sospechosa hasta un máximo de tres áreas) y una BPS de 12 núcleos periféricos. Se consideró CaPs cuando el grado de la OMS fue superior a 2 (Gleason 4 + 3 o superior). Resultados: Se diagnosticó CaP en 133 pacientes (42,4%), de los que 83 (62,4%) fueron CaPs. La BPS detectó CaP en 114 hombres (85,7%) y BPFC en 103 (77,4%), p < 0,001. La BPS detectó CaPs en 64 hombres (77,1%) y BPFC en 71 (85,5%), p < 0,001. En 52 de los 81 hombres (64,2%) se detectó CaPs en BPS y BPFC. En 19 hombres solo se detectó CaPs en BPFC (23,5%), mientras que en 10 solo se detectó en BPS (12,3%). Se necesitaron 33,1 núcleos para diagnosticar un CaP en BPS y 8,5 en BPFC, p < 0,001. 58,9 núcleos fueron necesarios para diagnosticar un CaPs en BPS y 12,4 en BPFC, p < 0,001. Conclusiones: Las BPFC son más efectivas y también más eficientes que las BPS para detectar CaPs. Sin embargo, las BPFC aún no pueden reemplazar las BPS de manera segura porque no pueden detectar hasta el 15% de los CaPs

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and efficiency of systematic prostatic biopsy (SPB) and cognitive fusion PB (CFPB) to diagnose prostate cancer (PCa) and significant PCa (SPCa), and to analyse if CFPB could safely replace SPB. Material and methods: A cohort of 314 consecutive men having PI-RADS ≥ 2 in a pre-biopsy 3T mp-MRI were prospectively subjected to trans-rectal ultrasound CFPB (two cores per suspicious area until a maximum of three areas) and a 12 peripheral core SPB. SPCa was considered when the WHO grade was higher than 2 (Gleason 4+3 or higher). Results: PCa was diagnosed in 133 patients (42.4%), being 83 (62.4%) SPCa. SPB detected PCa in 114 men (85.7%) while CFPB in 103 (77.4%), P < .001. SPB detected SPCa in 64 men (77.1%) while CFPB in 71 (85.5%), P < .001. In 52 of the 81 men (64.2%) SPCa was detected in SPB and CFPB. In 19 men SPCa was only detected in CFPB (23.5%) while in 10, it was only detected in SPB (12.3%). 33.1 cores were needed to diagnose one PCa in SPB while 8.5 in CFPB, P < .001. 58.9 cores were needed to diagnose one SPCa in SPB, while 12.4 in CFPB, P < .001. Conclusions: CFPB are more effective and also more efficient than SPBs in detecting SPCa. However, CFPBs still can’t safely replace SPBs because they are not able to detect up to 15% of SPCa

Are targeted prostate biopsies ready to replace systematic prostate biopsies? / Las biopsias de próstata dirigidas ¿están listas para reemplazar las biopsias de próstata sistemáticas?

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and efficiency of systematic prostatic biopsy (SPB) and cognitive fusion PB (CFPB) to diagnose prostate cancer (PCa) and significant PCa (SPCa), and to analyse if CFPB could safely replace SPB. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cohort of 314 consecutive men having PI-RADS ≥2 in a pre-biopsy 3T mp-MRI were prospectively subjected to trans-rectal ultrasound CFPB (two cores per suspicious area until a maximum of three areas) and a 12 peripheral core SPB. SPCa was considered when the WHO grade was higher than 2 (Gleason 4+3 or higher). RESULTS: PCa was diagnosed in 133 patients (42.4%), being 83 (62.4%) SPCa. SPB detected PCa in 114 men (85.7%) while CFPB in 103 (77.4%), P<.001. SPB detected SPCa in 64 men (77.1%) while CFPB in 71 (85.5%), P<.001. In 52 of the 81 men (64.2%) SPCa was detected in SPB and CFPB. In 19 men SPCa was only detected in CFPB (23.5%) while in 10, it was only detected in SPB (12.3%). 33.1 cores were needed to diagnose one PCa in SPB while 8.5 in CFPB, P<.001. 58.9 cores were needed to diagnose one SPCa in SPB, while 12.4 in CFPB, P<.001. CONCLUSIONS: CFPB are more effective and also more efficient than SPBs in detecting SPCa. However, CFPBs still can't safely replace SPBs because they are not able to detect up to 15% of SPCa.

Early continence after radical prostatectomy: A systematic review. / Variaciones de la prostatectomía radical para una recuperación de la continencia urinaria precoz: una revisión sistemática.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Urinary incontinence is the adverse effect with more impact on patients' quality of life after undergoing radical prostatectomy. The objective of this study is to review the present evidence that describes the variations on surgical techniques which aim to preserve urinary continence after radical prostatectomy. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: We searched the literature on PubMed, Cochrane, and ScienceDirect according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses) statement, using the PICO review protocol. The search terms were urinary continence, urinary incontinence, urinary leakage, radical prostatectomy, open radical prostatectomy, laparoscopic prostatectomy, robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy, robotic prostatectomy. We identified 1,603 registers, and 27 articles were reviewed for meeting the inclusion criteria. Six of them are randomized clinical trials and 4 of them, meta-analysis. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: The surgical techniques more frequently used to achieve early urinary continence are bladder neck and neurovascular bundles preservation, as well as the reconstruction of the rhabdosphincter. The latter has been presented in three randomized clinical trials. Even though some approaches have obtained improved functional outcomes, the lack of consensus on the definition of urinary incontinence and its measurement methods have not advocated for the creation of technical recommendations based on scientific evidence. CONCLUSIONS: The reconstruction of the rhabdosphincter is the only technique that has shown improved functional results through randomized trials. The current evidence is limited and heterogenous, and more studies with consistent criteria are needed in order to establish a standard surgical technique.

Análisis del escenario microscópico de una biopsia prostática negativa como predictor del riesgo de cáncer de próstata. Una revisión sistemática / In Search for risk predictors at the microscopic scenario of a negative biopsy. A systematic review

Introducción: Las biopsias prostáticas (BP) de repetición, ante la persistencia de la sospecha de cáncer de próstata (CP), son frecuentes y su rendimiento bajo. En el contexto de una BP negativa existe un escenario microscópico (EM), que definimos como el conjunto de lesiones no neoplásicas identificable. La existencia de algunas de estas lesiones incrementa el riesgo de detección de CP en BP sucesivas, mientras que otras parecen tener un efecto protector. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática es identificar el conjunto de lesiones que puede formar parte del EM de una BP negativa y analizar la evidencia actual de su asociación con el riesgo de detección de CP en BP sucesivas. Adquisición de la evidencia: Dos revisores independientes realizaron una búsqueda bibliográfica en Medline, Embase y Central Cochrane, con los términos de búsqueda: small acinar proliferation or ASAP or prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia or HGPIN or adjacent small atypical glands or pinatyp or atrophy or proliferative inflammatory atrophy or pia or prostatic inflammation or prostatitis and prostate cancer. Se identificaron 1.015 referencias y siguiendo los principios de la declaración PRISMA y de selección PICO, se identificaron 57 artículos originales válidos para esta revisión. Síntesis de la evidencia: La proliferación acinar atípica de célula pequeña se asocia a una tasa de detección de CP en BP sucesivas que oscila entre el 32 y 48%. La neoplasia intraepitelial prostática de alto grado (HGPIN) se asocia a CP entre el 13 y 42%, siendo su multifocalidad la que define el incremento en el riesgo de detección. La atrofia prostática, la atrofia proliferativa inflamatoria y la infamación prostática parecen tener un efecto protector sobre la detección de CP en BP sucesivas. Por otra parte, el riesgo de detección de CP en varones con HGPIN multifocal se reduce significativamente si coexiste atrofia proliferativa inflamatoria. Conclusiones: El EM de una BP negativa puede estar compuesto por las lesiones de proliferación acinar atípica de célula pequeña, HGPIN, atrofia prostática, atrofia proliferativa inflamatoria e infamación prostática ya que todas parecen estar asociadas al riesgo de detección de CP en BP sucesivas. Esta revisión nos permite generar la hipótesis de que el EM de una BP negativa puede ser de utilidad en la decisión indicar BP de repetición

Introduction: In cases of persistent suspicion of prostate cancer (PC), repeat prostate biopsies (PB) are frequently performed in spite of their low yield. In the context of a negative PB, there is a microscopic scenario (MS), which we define as the group of recognizable non-neoplastic lesions. While some of these lesions seem to have a protective effect, the existence of others increases the risk of PC detection in posterior PB. The objective of this systematic review is to identify the lesions that may belong to the MS of a negative PB and analyse the current evidence of their association with the risk of detecting PC in subsequent PBs. Evidence acquisition: Two independent reviewers conducted a literature search on Medline, Embase and Central Cochrane with the following search terms: small acinar proliferation, ASAP, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, HGPIN, adjacent small atypical glands, pinatyp, atrophy, proliferative inflammatory atrophy, pia, prostatic inflammation, prostatitis and prostate cancer. 1,015 references were first identified, and 57 original articles were included in the study, following the PRISMA declaration and the PICO selection principles. Evidence synthesis: Atypical small acinar proliferation is associated with PC detection in repeat PB with rates ranging between 32 and 48%. High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) is related to PC in 13 to 42% of cases. Studies show that HGPIN, when multifocal, is a significant independent risk factor for PC. Prostatic atrophy, inflammatory proliferative atrophy and prostatic inflammation seem to act as protective factors on the detection of PC in repeat PB. On the other hand, the risk of PC detection reduces significantly in male patients with multifocal HGPIN and coexistent PIA. Conclusions: The MS of a negative PB may include atypical small acinar proliferation, HGPIN, prostatic atrophy, inflammatory proliferative atrophy and prostatic inflammation lesions, since they all seem to be associated with the risk of PC detection in repeat PB. This review has led us to create the hypothesis that the MS of a negative PB might be a valuable and useful tool when considering repeat PB

In Search for risk predictors at the microscopic scenario of a negative biopsy. A systematic review. / Análisis del escenario microscópico de una biopsia prostática negativa como predictor del riesgo de cáncer de próstata. Una revisión sistemática.

INTRODUCTION: In cases of persistent suspicion of prostate cancer (PC), repeat prostate biopsies (PB) are frequently performed in spite of their low yield. In the context of a negative PB, there is a microscopic scenario (MS), which we define as the group of recognizable non-neoplastic lesions. While some of these lesions seem to have a protective effect, the existence of others increases the risk of PC detection in posterior PB. The objective of this systematic review is to identify the lesions that may belong to the MS of a negative PB and analyse the current evidence of their association with the risk of detecting PC in subsequent PBs. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Two independent reviewers conducted a literature search on Medline, Embase and Central Cochrane with the following search terms: small acinar proliferation, ASAP, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, HGPIN, adjacent small atypical glands, pinatyp, atrophy, proliferative inflammatory atrophy, pia, prostatic inflammation, prostatitis and prostate cancer. 1,015 references were first identified, and 57 original articles were included in the study, following the PRISMA declaration and the PICO selection principles. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Atypical small acinar proliferation is associated with PC detection in repeat PB with rates ranging between 32 and 48%. High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) is related to PC in 13 to 42% of cases. Studies show that HGPIN, when multifocal, is a significant independent risk factor for PC. Prostatic atrophy, inflammatory proliferative atrophy and prostatic inflammation seem to act as protective factors on the detection of PC in repeat PB. On the other hand, the risk of PC detection reduces significantly in male patients with multifocal HGPIN and coexistent PIA. CONCLUSIONS: The MS of a negative PB may include atypical small acinar proliferation, HGPIN, prostatic atrophy, inflammatory proliferative atrophy and prostatic inflammation lesions, since they all seem to be associated with the risk of PC detection in repeat PB. This review has led us to create the hypothesis that the MS of a negative PB might be a valuable and useful tool when considering repeat PB.

Valor de la proteína STAT3 como factor pronóstico en el carcinoma renal de célula clara. Revisión sistemática / The role of STAT3 protein as a prognostic factor in the clear cell renal carcinoma. Systematic review

Contexto y objetivo: En los últimos años se han producido avances significativos en el conocimiento de la carcinogénesis renal. Hoy en día los tumores renales se clasifican en función de su perfil genético, y además se han desarrollado tratamientos específicos basados en la identificación de dianas terapéuticas. Sin embargo, todavía no se han identificado marcadores pronósticos. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar la literatura que ha evaluado la expresión de la proteína STAT3 como marcador molecular en el carcinoma renal de célula clara (ccRCC). Adquisición de evidencia: En enero de 2018 se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura en Pubmed, Cochrane Library y Sciencedirect de las publicaciones realizadas desde 1990. Los términos de búsqueda fueron renal cell carcinoma and STAT3 or STAT-3 and prognostic factor. Se siguieron los principios de la declaración PRISMA y la estrategia de selección PICO, seleccionándose los artículos originales con series de pacientes diagnosticados de ccRCC localizado o metastásico, donde se analiza la actividad de STAT3 como marcador pronóstico. Se identificaron 132 publicaciones de las que finalmente se han revisado 10 por cumplir los criterios de inclusión. Síntesis de evidencia: La activación (fosforilación) de STAT3 (pSTAT3) en el residuo Ser727 es importante en el desarrollo y progresión de ccRCC. La expresión de pSTAT3 parece ser un marcador pronóstico y predictor de resistencia a algunos tratamientos en pacientes con enfermedad diseminada. Existe poca evidencia de su utilidad como un marcador pronóstico en pacientes con enfermedad localizada. Conclusiones: La expresión de pSTAT3(Ser727) en el núcleo de las células del ccRCC puede ser un marcador pronóstico y de respuesta al tratamiento en pacientes con ccRCC. La evidencia científica actual es limitada y son necesarios más estudios que demuestren su utilidad

Context and objective: There have been significant advances in the knowledge of renal carcinogenesis in the last years. Nowadays, renal tumours are classified according to their genetic profile and specific treatments based on the identification of therapeutic targets have also been developed. However, no prognostic markers have yet been identified. The aim of this review is to analyze literature that has evaluated the expression of the STAT3 protein as a molecular marker in clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC). Evidence acquisition: In January 2018 a systematic review was conducted in Pubmed, Cochrane library and Sciencedirect databases, from papers published from 1990. Search terms were "renal cell carcinoma" and "STAT3" or "STAT-3" and prognostic factor. Following the principles of the PRISMA declaration and the PICO selection strategy, original articles with series of patients diagnosed with localized or metastatic ccRCC, and where the activity of STAT3 is analyzed as a prognostic marker, were selected. A total of 132 publications were identified, of which 10 were finally revised, for they met the inclusion criteria. Evidence synthesis: STAT3 activation (phosphorylation) through Ser727 is important during ccRCC development and progression. PSTAT3 expression seems to be a prognostic marker and an antiangiogenic-resistance marker in metastatic patients. There is little evidence as prognostic marker in patients with localized disease. Conclusions: STAT3 (Ser 727) expression in the nucleus of the ccRCC cells can be a prognostic marker and an antiangiogenic-resistance marker. Current scientific evidence is limited and more studies are needed to demonstrate its usefulness

La resonancia magnética preoperatoria predice la recuperación temprana de la continencia urinaria tras la prostatectomía radical robótica / Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging in predicting early continence recovery after robotic radical prostatectomy

Introducción y objetivos: La incontinencia urinaria es una de las principales complicaciones tras la prostatectomía radical. El objetivo del estudio fue describir las características anatómicas, evaluadas preoperatoriamente mediante resonancia magnética, que permitan predecir la recuperación precoz de la continencia urinaria tras la prostatectomía radical asistida por robot. Material y métodos: Se analizó prospectivamente a 72 pacientes tratados mediante prostatectomía radical asistida por robot. Los resultados funcionales se evaluaron mediante los cuestionarios EPIC (1, 6 y 12 meses) y la fecha de primera continencia autoinformada. La longitud de la uretra membranosa (LUM) y el ángulo entre la LUM y el eje prostático (aLUMP) fueron evaluados preoperatoriamente en imágenes sagitales ponderadas en T2. Resultados: La tasa de continencia fue del 67,2, el 92,6 y el 95,2% a 1, 6 y 12 meses, respectivamente. Los pacientes con valores de aLUMP inferiores alcanzaron continencia urinaria temprana: al mes, los continentes habían tenido una aLUMP media de 107,21° (IC del 95% 90,3-124,6), mientras que entre los que presentaban incontinencia era de 118,5° (IC del 95% 117,7-134); p = 0,014. Hemos encontrado diferencias en el aLUMP entre los grupos según la continencia a los 6 meses: ángulo en continentes de 114,24° (IC del 95% 104,6-123,9), mientras que en los incontinentes había sido 142° (IC del 95% 126,5-157,6), p = 0,015. A los 12 meses, los continentes tenían una LUM preoperatoria significativamente superior a los incontinentes. En el análisis multivariante solamente el aLUMP fue un predictor independiente de continencia urinaria a los 6 meses OR 0,007 (IC del 95% 0,002-0,012), p = 0,012. Conclusiones: La evaluación de parámetros anatómicos preoperatorios previos a la cirugía puede ayudar a definir qué pacientes recuperarán la continencia urinaria precozmente, auxiliando a la toma de decisiones terapéuticas

Introduction and aims: Urinary incontinence is a common complication after radical prostatectomy. The aim of our study was to describe the preoperative anatomical features using magnetic resonance imaging in order to predict early continence recovery after robotic radical prostatectomy. Material and methods: 72 patients who underwent robotic radical prostatectomy were prospectively analysed. EPIC questionnaire (1, 6 and 12 mo) and first self-reported continence were used to assess functional outcomes. Membranous urethral length (MUL) and MUL-prostate axis angle (aMULP) were assessed preoperatively on T2 weighted sagittal images. Results: Continence rate was 67.2%, 92.6% and 95.2% at 1, 6 and 12 months, respectively. Early continence was achieved in patients with the lower aMULP. At 1 month, average aMULP in continent patients was 107.21° (CI 95% 90.3-124.6) vs. 118.5° (CI 95% 117.7-134) in incontinent ones (p = 0.014). At 6 month differences in aMULP among groups were found: 114.24° (CI 95% 104.6-123.9) in continents vs. 142° (CI 95% 126.5-157.6) in incontinents (p = 0.015). At 12 month, continent group showed a significantly higher preoperative aMULP. aMULP was revealed as the only independent predictor of urinary continence at 6 mo in multivariate analysis, OR 0.007 (CI 95% 0.002-0.012), p = 0.012. Conclusions: Preoperative anatomical parameters assessment prior surgery can help to identified those patients will achieve early continence recovery and it supports therapeutic decisions making

Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging in predicting early continence recovery after robotic radical prostatectomy. / La resonancia magnética preoperatoria predice la recuperación temprana de la continencia urinaria tras la prostatectomía radical robótica.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Urinary incontinence is a common complication after radical prostatectomy. The aim of our study was to describe the preoperative anatomical features using magnetic resonance imaging in order to predict early continence recovery after robotic radical prostatectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 72 patients who underwent robotic radical prostatectomy were prospectively analysed. EPIC questionnaire (1, 6 and 12 mo) and first self-reported continence were used to assess functional outcomes. Membranous urethral length (MUL) and MUL-prostate axis angle (aMULP) were assessed preoperatively on T2 weighted sagittal images. RESULTS: Continence rate was 67.2%, 92.6% and 95.2% at 1, 6 and 12 months, respectively. Early continence was achieved in patients with the lower aMULP. At 1 month, average aMULP in continent patients was 107.21° (IC 95% 90.3-124.6) vs. 118.5° (IC 95% 117.7-134) in incontinent ones (P=.014). At 6 month differences in aMULP among groups were found: 114.24° (IC 95% 104.6-123.9) in continents vs. 142° (IC 95% 126.5-157.6) in incontinents (P=0.015). At 12 month, continent group showed a significantly higher preoperative aMULP. aMULP was revealed as the only independent predictor of urinary continence at 6 mo in multivariate analysis, OR 0.007 (IC 95% 0.002-0.012), P=0.012. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative anatomical parameters assessment prior surgery can help to identified those patients will achieve early continence recovery and it supports therapeutic decisions making.

The role of STAT3 protein as a prognostic factor in the clear cell renal carcinoma. Systematic review. / Valor de la proteína STAT3 como factor pronóstico en el carcinoma renal de célula clara. Revisión sistemática.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: There have been significant advances in the knowledge of renal carcinogenesis n the last years. Nowadays, renal tumors are classified according to their genetic profile and specific treatments based on the identification of therapeutic targets have also been developed. However, no prognostic markers have yet been identified. The aim of this review is to analyse literature that has evaluated the expression of the STAT3 protein as a molecular marker in clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC). EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: In January 2018 a systematic review was conducted in Pubmed, Cochrane library and Sciencedirect databases, from papers published from 1990. Search terms were"renal cell carcinoma"and"STAT3"or"STAT-3"and"prognostic factor. Following the principles of the PRISMA declaration and the PICO selection strategy, original articles with series of patients diagnosed with localized or metastatic ccRCC, and where the activity of STAT3 is analysed as a prognostic marker, were selected. A total of 132 publications were identified, of which 10 were finally revised, for they met the inclusion criteria. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: STAT3 activation (phosphorylation) through Ser727 is important during ccRCC development and progression. PSTAT3 expression seems to be a prognostic marker and an antiangiogenic-resistance marker in metastatic patients. There is little evidence as prognostic marker in patients with localized disease. CONCLUSIONS: STAT3 (Ser 727) expression in the nucleus of the ccRCC cells can be a prognostic marker and an antiangiogenic-resistance marker. Current scientific evidence is limited and more studies are needed to demonstrate its usefulness.

Métodos para cuantificar la testosterona sérica en pacientes con cáncer de próstata sometidos a castración: una revisión sistemática / A systematic review of methods for quantifying serum testosterone in patients with prostate cancer who underwent castration

Introducción: Las guías de práctica clínica recomiendan determinar la testosterona sérica en pacientes con cáncer de próstata (CP) sometidos a castración. Su concentración debe ser inferior a 50 ng/dL, nivel establecido utilizando un método de radioinmunoanálisis. Actualmente el uso de inmunoanálisis (IA) quimioluminiscentes se ha generalizado, aunque sus características metrológicas no parecen adecuadas para cuantificar concentraciones bajas de testosterona. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar los métodos de cuantificación de testosterona y establecer si existe evidencia científica que justifique determinarla, en pacientes con CP sometidos a castración, mediante cromatografía líquida acoplada a espectrometría de masas en tándem (LC-MSMS). Material y métodos: Se ha realizado una revisión en PubMed con los términos MeSH: measurement, testosterone, androgen suppression y prostate cancer. Se seleccionaron 12 estudios que comparaban las características metrológicas de diversos métodos para cuantificar testosterona sérica respecto a métodos de detección con MS. Resultados: Los IA son una herramienta común para la medición de la concentración de testosterona; sin embargo, existe evidencia de que carecen de exactitud y precisión para cuantificar concentraciones bajas. La mayoría de los IA quimioluminiscentes sobrestiman su concentración, especialmente por debajo de 100ng/dL. Los procedimientos que utilizan LC-MSMS poseen un límite inferior de cuantificación adecuado y una correcta exactitud y precisión. No hemos encontrado evidencia específica en pacientes con CP sometidos a castración. Conclusiones: La LC-MSMS es el método adecuado para cuantificar concentraciones bajas de testosterona sérica. Es necesario definir el nivel de castración con este método y el nivel óptimo que se relaciona con la mejor evolución de la enfermeda

Background: The clinical practice guidelines recommend measuring serum testosterone in patients with prostate cancer (PC) who undergo castration. The serum testosterone concentration should be < 50 ng/dL, a level established by using a radioimmunoassay method. The use of chemiluminescent immunoassays (IA) has become widespread, although their metrological characteristics do not seem appropriate for quantifying low testosterone concentrations. The objective of this review is to analyse the methods for quantifying testosterone and to establish whether there is scientific evidence that justifies measuring it in patients with PC who undergo castration, through liquid chromatography attached to a mass spectrometry in tandem (LC-MSMS). Material and methods: We performed a search in PubMed with the following MeSH terms: measurement, testosterone, androgen suppression and prostate cancer. We selected 12 studies that compared the metrological characteristics of various methods for quantifying serum testosterone compared with MS detection methods. Results: IAs are standard tools for measuring testosterone levels; however, there is evidence that IAs lack accuracy and precision for quantifying low concentrations. Most chemiluminescent IAs overestimate their concentration, especially below 100ng/dL. The procedures that use LC-MSMS have an adequate lower quantification limit and proper accuracy and precision. We found no specific evidence in patients with PC who underwent castration. Conclusions: LC-MSMS is the appropriate method for quantifying low serum testosterone concentrations. We need to define the level of castration with this method and the optimal level related to better progression of the disease